http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11743771
J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Dec;49(12):5835-42.
Study of acaricide stability in honey.
Characterization of amitraz degradation products in honey
and beeswax.
Korta E, Bakkali A, Berrueta LA, Gallo
B, Vicente F, Kilchenmann V, Bogdanov S.
Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad del Pais Vasco, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
A study on the possible degradation of amitraz, bromopropylate,
coumaphos, chlordimeform, cymiazole, flumethrin,
and tau-fluvalinate during the storage
of honey was carried out by HPLC. Except
amitraz, the other acaricides are stable in this medium for
at least 9 months. Degradation studies of amitraz in
honey and beeswax were carried out; the degradation products
detected in both matrices were 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide
(DMF) and N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (DPMF).
The reaction rate constants and the half-lives of the amitraz
degradation in honey and wax were calculated. Amitraz was
nearly completely degraded within 1 day in beeswax and within
10 days in honey. When amitraz-spiked combs are recycled into
new beeswax, DMF was found to be the principal degradation
product left in pure wax.
PMID: 11743771 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Science Direct
Veterinary Parasitology, Volume 88, Issues 1-2 , 29 February
2000, Pages 79-92
Possible risk factors on Queensland
dairy farms for acaricide resistance in cattle tick (Boophilus
microplus)
N. N. Jonsson (a), D. G. Mayer (b)
and P. E. Green (b)
a Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of
Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Rd Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
b Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Animal Research
Institute, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia
A case control study was carried out within a cross-sectional
survey designed to investigate the management by Queensland
dairy farmers of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Although
199 farmers were surveyed, data on acaricide resistance were
only obtained from 66 farms. Multiple models were used to
predict the probability of acaricide resistance associated
with 30 putative risk factors. The region of the state in
which the farm was located and the frequency of acaricide
application were consistently associated with acaricide resistance.
The risk of resistance to all synthetic pyrethroids (Parkhurst
strain) was highest in Central Queensland and increased when
more than five applications of acaricide were made in the
previous year, when spray races were used and when buffalo
fly treatments with a synthetic pyrethroid were applied frequently.
The probability of resistance to amitraz (Ulam strain) was
highest in Central Queensland, increased when more than five
applications of acaricide were made in the previous year,
and decreased on farms when a hand-spray apparatus was used
to apply acaricides to cattle. The probability
of resistance to flumethrin (Lamington strain) was highest
in the Wide Bay-Burnett region.
From Science Direct
Talanta, Volume 52, Issue 2 , 21 June 2000,
Pages 169-180
Study of the degradation products of
bromopropylate, chlordimeform, coumaphos, cymiazole, flumethrin
and tau-fluvalinate in aqueous media
E. Corta (a), A. Bakkali (a), A. Barranco
(a), L. A. Berrueta (a), B. Gallo (a), F. Vicente (a) and
S. Bogdanov (b)
a Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, P.O. Box 644,
48080 Bilbao, Spain
b Apicultural Department, Federal Dairy Research Institute,
CH-3092 Liebefeld, Switzerland
Degradation processes of bromopropylate, coumaphos, chlordimeform,
cymiazole, flumethrin and fluvalinate in aqueous media have
been studied by HPLC. Cymiazole is stable at any tested pH
(1–11), while bromopropylate,
flumethrin and coumaphos are unstable at basic pH and chlordimeform
and fluvalinate in neutral and basic media. The main degradation
products have been identified by GC-MS. The reaction rate
constants and half-lives were calculated and the effect of
co-solvents on the rate and product profile was studied.
From Toxline at Toxnet
ACTA ALIMENTARIA; 28 (1). 1999.
85-94.
Determination and control of bee-acaricide
flumethrin in honey and beewax.
SZERLETICS-TURI M
"Fodor Jozsef" National Center of Public Health,
National Institute of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, Gyali ut
3/a, H-1097, Budapest, Hungary.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In the last decades considerable
economic damages were caused by Varroa mite in European and
also in Hungarian apiaries. For the control fumigant strips,
solutions and aerosols containing acaricide active ingredients
were introduced. Plastic strips impregnated with synthetic
pyrethroids show a high efficacy against these mites. The
long-term (2-6 weeks) treatment, however, increases the problem
of residues in honey and honeycomb. An analytical method
was introduced in Hungary for the determinati [abstract truncated]
From Toxline at Toxnet
PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 52 (1). 1998.
3-20.
Research into fluorinated pyrethroid
alcohols: An episode in the history of pyrethroid discovery.
NAUMANN K
Landwirtschaftszentrum Monheim, Bayer
AG, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An account of pyrethroid research
from 1975 to 1985 at Bayer AG is given. The exploitation of
fluorine chemistry for this purpose led to increased activity
of known 3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroid esters and to the commercialization
of the broad-spectrum insecticide cyfluthrin, the
particularly tick-toxic flumethrin and the rapid-acting
household insecticides fenfluthrin and transfluthrin. The
last two constituted in 1976 a novel type of pyrethroid, based
on polyfluorinated benzyl alcohols, off the mainstream of
published pyrethroid research. Transfluthrin, the single isomer
(1R)trans-permethric acid ester of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl
alcohol has just been introduced to the market. The history
of its discovery and structure-activity data as well as resistance
considerations regarding cyfluthrin, are presented.
From Toxline at Toxnet
Pesticide residues in food - 1996. Toxicological evaluations
(1997) pp 141-59
Flumethrin
FAO and WHO working groups
Levels that cause no toxic effect. Rat: 10 ppm, equal to 0.7
mg/kg bw per day (13- and 15-week studies of toxicity); 5
ppm, equal to 0.36 mg/kg bw per day (two-generation study
of reproductive toxicity); 0.5 mg/kg bw per day (maternal
toxicity in a study of developmental toxicity). Rabbit:
1.7 mg/kg bw per day (maternal and fetal toxicity in a study
of developmental toxicity). Dog: 25 ppm, equal to 0.88 mg/kg
bw per day (13-week study of toxicity). Estimate of
acceptable daily intake for humans 0-0.004 mg/kg bw.
From Toxline at Toxnet
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1996;16(1):37-48
Evaluation of the genotoxic potential
of flumethrin in mouse bone marrow by chromosomal analysis
and micronucleus test.
Nakano E, Rabello-Gay MN, Pereira CA
Laboratäorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan,
S~ao Paulo, Brazil.
The genotoxic potential of the pyrethroid
flumethrin was evaluated by using the combined protocol
of metaphase analysis and micronucleus test in vivo in mouse
bone marrow. The dermal route was tested in a single treatment
and the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route in a single and a multiple
treatment. Flumethrin showed a cytotoxic
effect on both myelopoiesis and erythropoiesis, as
evidenced by a reduction in the mitotic index and in polychromatic
erythrocyte values. An increase in the frequency of gaps after
the dermal exposure and of breaks only at the highest dose
tested in the i.p. treatment indicates a weak clastogenic
potential of the compound. A significant
increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic
erythrocytes was observed after single and multiple i.p. treatments.
In the latter, the induction of micronuclei was highly
significant but not accompanied by an increase in breaks.
This may indicate that the clastogenic effect might not account
by itself for the induction of micronuclei, which could also
have arisen from an aneugenic potential of flumethrin.
Note from FAN:
Myelopoiesis: Formation of MYELOID
CELLS from the pluripotent HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS in the
BONE MARROW via MYELOID STEM CELLS. Myelopoiesis generally
refers to the production of leukocytes in blood, such as MONOCYTES
and GRANULOCYTES. This process also produces precusor cells
for MACROPHAGE and DENDRITIC CELLS found in the lymphoid tissue.
Ref: http://fred.hmc.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/meshdescriptor/D038042
Erythropoiesis is the development
of mature red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The
above paper was abstracted in Food and Chemical
Toxicology, Volume 34, Issue 10, October 1996, Page
1021 :
Flumethrin
genotoxicity. Flumethrin,
a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, tested as the technical
product Bayticol 60%, induced chromosomal damage in
the bone marrow cells when administered to mice by intraperitoneal
injection (Nakano
et al., Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis
1996, 16, 37). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7747277&dopt=Abstract
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995
May;132(1):14-8