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Activity: US
EPA List 3 Inert
The
following are references for this substance. They are from
Toxline at Toxnet
- which you may want to check for updates.
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Year
of Publication: 1989
THE
PULMONARY TOXICITY OF INHALED TEFLON PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS
IS DIMINISHED IN 1 AND 5-MINUTE AGED FUMES
Authors: WARHEIT DB, SEIDEL
WC, HARTSKY MA
Source: ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION AND THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, USA, MAY 14-17, 1989. AM REV RESPIR DIS;
139 (4 PART 2). 1989. A388.
Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT:
BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT RAT TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE BETA GLUCURONIDASE LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
PROTEIN ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME
CAS No: 25067-11-2
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Source:
CHEM RES TOXICOL; 3 (1). 1990.
2-7.
An
ESR study of the particles produced in the pyrolysis of
perfluoro polymers.
Authors:
PRYOR WA, NUGGEHALLI SK, SCHERER K V JR, CHURCH DF
Author Address: Biodynamics
Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803.
CAS
Nos.:
35822-90-3
25067-11-2
9002-84-0
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Source:
EXP MOL PATHOL; 52 (3). 1990.
309-329.
Attenuation
of perfluoro polymer fume pulmonary toxicity: Effect of
filters, combustion method, and aerosol age.
Authors: WARHEIT DB, SEIDEL
WC, CARAKOSTAS MC, HARTSKY MA
Author Address: Haskell Lab.
Toxicol. Indus. Med., E.I. DuPont
Nemours Co. Inc., P.O. Box 50, Elkton Rd., Newark,
DE 19714.
CAS
No.: 25067-11-2
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Source:
FUNDAM
APPL TOXICOL; 17 (2). 1991.
254-269.
Pulmonary
response to perfluoropolymer fume and particles generated
under various exposure conditions.
Authors: LEE KP, SEIDEL WC
Author Address: Central Research
Development, DuPont Co., Haskell
Lab. Toxicol. Industrial Med., Elkton Rd., P.O. Box 50,
Newark, Del. 19714.
CAS
Nos.
25067-11-2
9002-84-0
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Source:
WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH; 70 (4). 1998.
721-745.
HAZARDOUS
WASTE STORAGE DISPOSAL REMEDIATION AND CLOSURE
Authors: MILLANO EF
Note:
several CAS Nos. listed, but
25067-11-2 is listed first.
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Source:
Chemical Research in Toxicology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pages 2-7,
39 references, 1990
An Electron Spin Resonance Study of
the Particles Produced in the Pyrolysis of Perfluoro Polymers
Authors: Pryor WA, Nuggehalli
SK, Scherer KV Jr, Church DF
Keywords:
DCN-202497
Polymers
Polymer fumes
Airborne particles
Pyrolysis products
Oxidative processes
Free radical generation
Free radicals
Polymer fume fever
CAS No: 25067-11-2
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The effects
listed below are for Tetrafluoroethylene:
Adverse Effects
Cancer: multiple
organs
Kidney
Liver
Tetrafluoroethylene
Uses:
This compound is used primarily as a monomer, comonomer
and termonomer for polytetrafluoroethylene resins (which
are used in mold coatings, electrical insulation, filter
cloths, electrical tapes, gaskets and Teflon products).
This chemical is also used as a propellant
for food product aerosols.
Ref: US National Toxicology Program.
http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem1/Radian116-14-3.html
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Tetrafluoroethylene
10th Report on Carcinogens.
Published 2002 by US National Institutes for Health. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/tenth/profiles/s170tfe.pdf
EXPOSURE.
The primary route of exposure to TFE is inhalation.TFE has
been reported to be present, along with several other low-molecular
weight halogenated compounds, in volcanic emissions (Gribble
1994). Environmental exposure may occur due to releases
of TFE through various waste streams; these releases may
occur during its production and use in the production of
fluoropolymers, nitroso rubbers, and low molecular mass
compounds and intermediates (HSDB 2001).
Potential
occupational exposure to TFE may occur with workers involved
in the production of polymers and copolymers of products
containing the chemical. The National Occupational Exposure
Survey (NOES), conducted by NIOSH between 1981 to 1983,
listed a total of 14,963 employees, including 325 females,
potentially exposed to TFE in 870 facilities (NIOSH 1990).
The National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS), conducted
between 1972 to 1974, estimated that 5,326 workers were
potentially occupationally exposed to the chemical in 622
facilities. Of the total, 224 employees were in 28 plants
reporting under industrial classification for the manufacture
of chemicals and allied products (SIC Code 28), and 365
workers were in 99 plants reporting under industrial classification
for manufacture of rubber and plastics products (SIC Code
30)(NIOSH 1976).
REGULATIONS.
EPA regulates TFE under the Clean Air Act (CAA). It considers
the compound a regulated flammable substance and designates
a threshold quantity of 10,000 lb for accidental release
prevention. It has placed TFE in its list of toxic and reactive
highly hazardous chemicals that have a potential for a catastrophic
event at or above a designated threshold quantity (TQ);
for TFE, the TQ is 5,000 lb.
FDA
approves TFE polymers and copolymers for food-related uses.
The
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) recommends a threshold limit value (TLV)of 2 ppm
(8.2 mg/m 3 ). OSHA regulates the compound under the Hazard
Communication Standard and as a chemical hazard in laboratories.
Regulations are summarized in Volume II, Table 170.
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Cancer
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Tetrafluoroethylene
was first listed in the 9th edition of the US National Institute
of Health's Report on Carcinogens (2000) as
"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen." The
report states the listing is based on findings from laboratory
animal studies of tetrafluoroethylene in which cancer
was observed in multiple organs of multiple species following
long-term inhalation exposures.
Ref: NIH Fact Sheet on the "Report on Carcinogens" - 9th edition.
May 15, 2000.
http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2000/niehs-15.htm
CARCINOGENICITY. Tetrafluoroethylene
(TFE) is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based
on sufficient evidence of malignant tumor formation at multiple
sites in multiple species of experimental animals
(NTP 1997). When administered by inhalation to F344 rats,TFE induced
renal tubule neoplasms, hepatocellular neoplasms,
liver hemangiosarcoma,and mononuclear cell leukemia. When
administered by inhalation to B6C3F1 mice,TFE induced liver
hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas, hepatocellular neoplasms, and
histiocytic sarcomas.
No adequate human studies of the relationship between exposure
to TFE and human cancer have been reported (IARC 1999).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELEVANT TO CARCINOGENESIS OR POSSIBLE
MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS
In prokaryotic systems, TFE was negative for the induction of
gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium with and without S9 activation.In
mammalian systems in vitro ,TFE was also negative for the induction
of gene mutations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (HSDB 2001).
No increases in the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes were
observed in peripheral blood samples obtained from TFE-exposed
mice (NTP 1997).
The frequency of H-ras codon 61 mutations observed in TFE-induced
hepatocellular neoplasms (15%) was significantly less than the
corresponding frequency (56 to 59%) in spontaneous liver neoplasms
of B6C3F1 mice, suggesting that TFE induces liver neoplasms via
a ras -independent pathway (NTP 1997).
The kidney-specific toxicity and carcinogenicity of TFE is most
likely related to the selective uptake and subsequent processing
of TFE-glutathione conjugates by renal ¥-lyase (Miller and Surh
1994, Anders et al .1988). In rats,a TFE
cysteine conjugate is bioactivated in the kidney to a difluorothionacetyl
fluoride, the putative reactive metabolite for TFE-induced nephrotoxicity
(NTP 1997).
No data were available that would suggest that the mechanisms
thought to account for tumor induction by TFE in experimental
animals would not also operate in humans.
Ref: Tetrafluoroethylene,
10th Report on Carcinogens. Published 2002 by US National
Institutes for Health.
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/tenth/profiles/s170tfe.pdf
Animal carcinogenicity data
Tetrafluoroethylene was tested
for carcinogenicity in one study in mice and one study in rats
by inhalation... In rats of both sexes,
it increased the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and kidney
tubule cell adenomas.
Other relevant data
Tetrafluoroethylene is metabolized by hepatic glutathione
S-transferase and the resulting cysteine conjugate is further
metabolized by renal b-lyase. This pathway results in the
formation of a reactive thiol that causes
kidney toxicity in rats.
Evaluation
There is sufficient evidence
in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of tetrafluoroethylene.
Overall evaluation
Tetrafluoroethylene is possibly carcinogenic
to humans (Group 2B).
Ref:
International Agency for Cancer
Research (IARC):
http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol71/048-tetrafluo.htm
Kidney
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Animal carcinogenicity data
Tetrafluoroethylene was tested
for carcinogenicity in one study in mice and one study in rats
by inhalation. In both sexes of mice,
it increased the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas, histiocytic
sarcomas and haemangiosarcomas in
the liver. In rats of both
sexes, it increased the incidence of hepatocellular
carcinomas and kidney tubule cell adenomas.
Evaluation
There is sufficient evidence
in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of tetrafluoroethylene.
Overall evaluation
Tetrafluoroethylene is possibly carcinogenic
to humans (Group 2B).
Ref:
International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC):
http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol71/048-tetrafluo.html
Tetrafluoroethylene: The kidney-specific
toxicity and carcinogenicity of TFE is most likely related to
the selective uptake and subsequent processing of TFE-glutathione
conjugates by renal ¥-lyase (Miller and Surh 1994, Anders et al
.1988). In rats,a TFE cysteine conjugate
is bioactivated in the kidney to a difluorothionacetyl fluoride,
the putative reactive metabolite for TFE-induced nephrotoxicity
(NTP 1997).
Ref: Tetrafluoroethylene, 10th Report
on Carcinogens. Published 2002 by US National Institutes for
Health.
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/tenth/profiles/s170tfe.pdf
Liver
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Animal carcinogenicity data
Tetrafluoroethylene was tested
for carcinogenicity in one study in mice and one study in rats
by inhalation. In both sexes of mice, it
increased the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas, histiocytic
sarcomas and haemangiosarcomas in
the liver. In rats of both sexes, it increased the incidence of
hepatocellular carcinomas and kidney tubule cell adenomas.
Evaluation
There is sufficient evidence
in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of tetrafluoroethylene.
Overall evaluation
Tetrafluoroethylene is possibly carcinogenic
to humans (Group 2B).
Ref:
International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC):
http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol71/048-tetrafluo.html
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