Return to Dithiopyr
Index Page
Activity: Herbicide
(pyridine)
Structure:
Adverse
Effects:
Body
Weight Decrease
Endocrine: Adrenal
Endocrine: Ovary
Endocrine: Testicular
Endocrine: Thymus
Endocrine: Thyroid
Endocrine: Uterus
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Spleen
Environmental
Rationale
for US EPA to add Dithiopyr to the Toxic Release Inventory
In
a 2-generation rat reproduction study, decreased body weight,
diffuse hepatocellular swelling, and ``white spots'' on
the livers were observed in the offspring of rats administered
greater than or equal to 16.4 mg/kg/day. The NOEL values
were 1.7 mg/kg/day. In a 13-week rat feeding study, the
LOEL of 6.62 mg/kg/day produced diffuse hepatocellular swelling.
The NOEL was 0.662 mg/kg/day. In a 13-week dog feeding study,
increased alkaline phosphatase, discolored livers, and cholestasis
was observed at 10 mg/kg/day (LOEL). The NOEL was 1 mg/kg/day.
In addition, at 30 mg/kg/day, increased serum glutamic-pyruvic
transaminase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,
increased liver and kidney weights, and decreased cholesterol
and albumin were observed. EPA believes that there is sufficient
evidence for listing dithiopyr on EPCRA section 313 pursuant
to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the available hepatic
and renal toxicity data.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals
from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993).
As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part
IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic
Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed
Rule.
|
Body
Weight Decrease (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
In a 2-generation rat
reproduction study, decreased body weight,
diffuse hepatocellular swelling, and ``white spots'' on the livers
were observed in the offspring of rats administered greater than
or equal to 16.4 mg/kg/day...
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
Endocrine:
Adrenal
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Rats.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of
12 male and 12 female F-344 rats for 13 weeks at concentrations
of 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm.. Other findings included [no
concentrations listed] multiple organ weight effects,
thyroid follicular hypertrophy, adrenal
cortical hypertrophy, and pulmonary foam cell aggregation.
The subchronic NOEL in rats is considered to be 10 ppm. (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1988)
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 6 male and
6 female CD-1 mice for 4 weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000,
3000, 10,000 and 30,000 ppm... [No concentrations
listed for the following effects:]-- Liver enlargement
and discoloration, adrenal enlargement,
and atrophy of the thymus, spleen, seminal
vesicles, ovaries and uterus were noted on gross post-mortem
examination... (The Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, 1987)
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Mice.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 12 male and
12 female CD-1 mice for 13 weeks at concentrations of 0, 10, 100,
1000 and 5000 ppm... Other findings included [no
concentrations listed]: multiple organ weight effects,
adrenal cortical hypertrophy and
ovarian atrophy. The subchronic NOEL in
mice is considered to be 10 ppm.
(The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
-- Eighteen-month Feeding Study in Mice.
In an oncogenicity study, dithiopyr was administered via the diet
to groups of 70 male and 70 female CD-1 mice for 78 weeks at concentrations
of 0, 3, 30 and 300 ppm... Other findings included [no
concentrations listed]: increased
adrenal weights, adrenal cortical
swelling, spleen enlargement and increased splenic extramedullary
hematopoiesis. The chronic NOEL in mice is considered to be 3
ppm (equivalent to a daily intake of 0.31 mg/kg b.w. in males
and 0.37 mg/kg b.w. in females). (The Institute
of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
-- REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY
STUDIES 1. Two-generation Reproduction Study in Rats ¥Dithiopyr
was administered via the diet to groups of 24 male and 24 female
S-D rats over 2 consecutive generations at concentrations of 0,
25, 250 and 2500 ppm... Other findings included [no
concentrations listed]: increased kidney weight, focal
renal tubular atrophy, thyroid follicular
hypertrophy, and adrenal cortical
hypertrophy... (The Institute of
Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Endocrine:
Ovary (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 6 male and
6 female CD-1 mice for 4 weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000,
3000, 10,000 and 30,000 ppm... [No concentrations
listed for the following effects:]-- Liver enlargement
and discoloration, adrenal enlargement,
and atrophy of the thymus,
spleen, seminal vesicles,
ovaries and uterus
were noted on gross post-mortem examination... (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1987)
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Mice.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 12 male and
12 female CD-1 mice for 13 weeks at concentrations of 0, 10, 100,
1000 and 5000 ppm... Other findings included [no
concentrations listed]: multiple organ weight effects,
adrenal cortical hypertrophy and
ovarian atrophy. The subchronic NOEL
in mice is considered to be 10 ppm. (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Endocrine:
Testicular
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 6 male and
6 female CD-1 mice for 4 weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000,
3000, 10,000 and 30,000 ppm... [No concentrations
listed for the following effects:]-- Liver enlargement
and discoloration, adrenal enlargement,
and atrophy of the thymus, spleen,
seminal vesicles, ovaries and uterus
were noted on gross post-mortem examination... (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1987)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
•
Note: Seminal vesicles - glands that help produce semen.
Endocrine:
Thymus
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice. Dithiopyr was administered
via the diet to groups of 6 male and 6 female CD-1 mice for 4
weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000, 3000, 10,000 and 30,000
ppm... [No concentrations listed for the
following effects:]-- Liver enlargement and discoloration,
adrenal enlargement, and atrophy
of the thymus, spleen, seminal vesicles,
ovaries and uterus were noted on gross post-mortem examination...
(The Institute of Environmental Toxicology,
1987)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Endocrine:
Thyroid (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Rats.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of
12 male and 12 female F-344 rats for 13 weeks at concentrations
of 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm.. Other findings included [no
concentrations listed] multiple organ weight effects,
thyroid follicular hypertrophy, adrenal
cortical hypertrophy, and pulmonary foam cell aggregation.
The subchronic NOEL in rats is considered to be 10 ppm. (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1988)
-- REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES 1. Two-generation
Reproduction Study in Rats ¥Dithiopyr was administered via the
diet to groups of 24 male and 24 female S-D rats over 2 consecutive
generations at concentrations of 0, 25, 250 and 2500 ppm... Other
findings included [no concentrations listed]:
increased kidney weight, focal renal tubular atrophy, thyroid
follicular hypertrophy, and adrenal
cortical hypertrophy...
(The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Endocrine:
Uterus (click on for
all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice. Dithiopyr was administered
via the diet to groups of 6 male and 6 female CD-1 mice for 4
weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000, 3000, 10,000 and 30,000
ppm... [No concentrations listed for the
following effects:]-- Liver enlargement and discoloration,
adrenal enlargement, and atrophy
of the thymus,
spleen, seminal
vesicles, ovaries and
uterus were noted on gross post-mortem
examination... (The Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, 1987)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Kidney
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
... In a 13-week dog
feeding study, increased alkaline phosphatase, discolored livers,
and cholestasis was observed at 10
mg/kg/day (LOEL). The NOEL was 1 mg/kg/day. In addition, at 30
mg/kg/day, increased serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, increased liver and kidney
weights, and decreased cholesterol and albumin were observed.
EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing dithiopyr
on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based
on the available hepatic and renal
toxicity data.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Rats. Dithiopyr was administered
via the diet to groups of 6 male and 6 female Fischer-344 (F-344)
rats for 4 weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000, 3000, 10,000
and 30,000 ppm. Decreased body weight and food consumption, as
well as clinical signs of toxicity were observed at the higher
dose levels. Liver enlargement and discoloration, thymic atrophy,
emaciation, and increased liver,
kidney and thyroid/parathyroid weights
were noted on gross postmortem examination. Due to an elevation
in liver and kidney weights at the
low dose level, the no observable effect level (NOEL) is considered
to be less than 300 ppm. (The Institute of Environmental Toxicology,
1986)
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Mice Dithiopyr was administered
via the diet to groups of 12 male and 12 female CD-1 mice for
13 weeks at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm...
Postmortem examination revealed primarily liver and
kidney toxicity. Elevated
plasma AP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), urea nitrogen and cholesterol levels were indicative of
cholestasis and liver toxicity. These biochemical changes were
accompanied by a significant increase in liver weight, hepatocellular
swelling, vacuolation and necrosis, dissociation of hepatocellular
cords, and bile duct proliferation. Increased
kidney weights, decreased urine protein and specific gravity,
and acidophilia of proximal tubular cells were indicative of mild
renal toxicity... (The Institute of Environmental Toxicology,
1989)
-- CHRONIC TOXICITY AND ONCOGENICITY STUDIES. Twenty-four-month
Feeding Study in Rats ¥In a combined chronic toxicity and oncogenicity
study, dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 90
male and 90 female F-344 rats for 104 weeks at concentrations
of 0, 3, 10, 100 and 300 ppm... Postmortem examination provided
evidence of liver and kidney toxicity.
There were no statistically significant or biologically significant
increases in neoplastic lesions.
-- Twelve-month Oral Study in Dogs ¥Dithiopyr was administered
orally via gelatin capsule to groups of 6 male and 6 female beagle
dogs for 52 weeks at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 5 and 25 mg/kg/day...
Postmortem examination revealed liver toxicity and cholestasis.
Specific findings included : increased AP levels in plasma, liver
enlargement and discoloration, the presence of black sandy materials
in the gallbladder, hepatocellular necrosis and fibrosis, pseudo-bile
duct formation, bile duct proliferation, and increased mucoidal
secretion in the gallbladder. Brown pigment deposition was also
found in the bile canaliculi, Kupffer cells and the kidneys.
The chronic NOEL in dogs is considered to be 0.5 mg/kg/day. (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
-- REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES 1. Two-generation
Reproduction Study in Rats ¥Dithiopyr was administered via the
diet to groups of 24 male and 24 female S-D rats over 2 consecutive
generations at concentrations of 0, 25, 250 and 2500 ppm... Postmortem
examination of parental animals revealed primarily liver toxicity,
consisting of organ enlargement and discoloration, hepatocellular
swelling and necrosis, and bile stasis. Other findings included
: increased kidney weight, focal
renal tubular atrophy, thyroid follicular hypertrophy, and adrenal
cortical hypertrophy... (The Institute of Environmental Toxicology,
1989)
Ref: Summary of Toxicology Studies With
Dithiopyr Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology Department, The Agricultural
Grop, A Unit of Monsanto Company (Received February 20, 1993)
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Liver
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
... In a 13-week dog
feeding study, increased alkaline phosphatase, discolored livers,
and cholestasis was observed at 10
mg/kg/day (LOEL). The NOEL was 1 mg/kg/day. In addition, at 30
mg/kg/day, increased serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, increased liver
and kidney weights, and decreased cholesterol and albumin were
observed. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing
dithiopyr on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B)
based on the available hepatic and
renal toxicity data.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice. Dithiopyr
was administered via the diet to groups of 6 male and 6 female
CD-1 mice for 4 weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000, 3000,
10,000 and 30,000 ppm... Liver enlargement
and discoloration, adrenal enlargement, and atrophy of
the thymus, spleen, seminal vesicles, ovaries and uterus were
noted on gross post-mortem examination... (The Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, 1987)
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Mice Dithiopyr was administered
via the diet to groups of 12 male and 12 female CD-1 mice for
13 weeks at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm. Mortality,
decreased body weight gain, reduced feed efficiency, and mild
anemia were observed at the higher dose level. By study termination
many high dose animals appeared jaundiced, emaciated and had distended
abdomens. Postmortem examination revealed primarily liver
and kidney toxicity. Elevated plasma AP, alanine aminotransferase
(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea nitrogen and cholesterol
levels were indicative of cholestasis and liver
toxicity. These biochemical changes were accompanied by a significant
increase in liver weight, hepatocellular
swelling, vacuolation and necrosis, dissociation of hepatocellular
cords, and bile duct proliferation... The subchronic NOEL in mice
is considered to be 10 ppm. (The Institute of Environmental Toxicology,
1989)
-- Two-week Oral Study in Dogs ¥Dithiopyr was administered orally
via gelatin capsule to 1 male and 1 female beagle dog for 2 weeks
at dose levels of 0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day. Emesis
and decreased body weight were observed at the higher dose levels.
Biochemical and histopathological evidence of liver
toxicity, manifest as increased AP, AST, and g-GT levels in plasma,
along with hepatocellular swelling, pigment deposition, and focal
necrosis, were apparent on postmortem examination. The NOEL is
considered to be 10 mg/kg/day. (The Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, 1988)
-- Thirteen-week Oral Study in Dogs ¥Dithiopyr was administered
orally via gelatin capsule to groups of 6 male and 6 female beagle
dogs for 13 weeks at dose levels of 0, 1, 10 and 30 mg/kg/day.
Postmortem examination revealed liver
toxicity and moderate to severe cholestasis
at the higher dose levels. Specific findings included : increased
liver weights, increased AP, AST and g-GT levels in plasma, along
with liver swelling, distended gallbladders with sandy stones,
pigment deposition in bile canaliculi and Kupffer cells, and mononuclear
cell infiltration of the liver. The
subchronic NOEL in dogs is considered to be 1 mg/kg/day. (The
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1988)
-- Eighteen-month Feeding Study in Mice ¥In an oncogenicity study,
dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 70 male and
70 female CD-1 mice for 78 weeks at concentrations of 0, 3, 30
and 300 ppm... Postmortem examination revealed primarily
liver toxicity. There were no statistically significant
or biologically significant increases in neoplastic lesions. ¥Liver
enlargement and discoloration, hepatocellular swelling,
bile duct proliferation, and pigment deposition in hepatocytes,
Kupffer cells and the bile canaliculi were indicative of mild
liver toxicity and cholestasis... The chronic NOEL in mice
is considered to be 3 ppm (equivalent to a daily intake of 0.31
mg/kg b.w. in males and 0.37 mg/kg b.w. in females). (The Institute
of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
-- Twelve-month Oral Study in Dogs ¥Dithiopyr was administered
orally via gelatin capsule to groups of 6 male and 6 female beagle
dogs for 52 weeks at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 5 and 25 mg/kg/day...
Postmortem examination revealed liver
toxicity and cholestasis. Specific findings included : increased
AP levels in plasma, liver enlargement and discoloration, the
presence of black sandy materials in the gallbladder, hepatocellular
necrosis and fibrosis, pseudo-bile duct formation, bile duct proliferation,
and increased mucoidal secretion in the gallbladder. Brown pigment
deposition was also found in the bile canaliculi, Kupffer cells
and the kidneys. The chronic NOEL in dogs is considered to be
0.5 mg/kg/day. (The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
-- REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES 1. Two-generation
Reproduction Study in Rats ¥Dithiopyr was administered via the
diet to groups of 24 male and 24 female S-D rats over 2 consecutive
generations at concentrations of 0, 25, 250 and 2500 ppm... Postmortem
examination of parental animals revealed primarily
liver toxicity, consisting of organ enlargement and discoloration,
hepatocellular swelling and necrosis, and bile stasis. Other findings
included : increased kidney weight, focal renal tubular atrophy,
thyroid follicular hypertrophy, and adrenal cortical hypertrophy.
Postmortem examination of the offspring revealed liver
enlargement and the appearance of white spots at the periphery
of the liver lobes. These findings
were accompanied by histopathological evidence of hepatocellular
swelling and localized areas of hepatocellular necrosis, fibrosis
and mineralization. The white liver
spots are considered a reversible lesion due to their declining
incidence with increasing animal age and their complete absence
in adults... (The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1989)
Ref: Summary of Toxicology Studies With
Dithiopyr Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology Department, The Agricultural
GroUp, A Unit of Monsanto Company
(Received February 20, 1993) -
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Lung
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Rats.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of
12 male and 12 female F-344 rats for 13 weeks at concentrations
of 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm.. Other findings included [no
concentrations listed] multiple organ weight effects,
thyroid follicular hypertrophy, adrenal cortical hypertrophy,
and pulmonary foam cell aggregation.
The subchronic NOEL in rats is considered to be 10 ppm.
(The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1988)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Spleen
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Four-week Feeding Study in Mice. Dithiopyr
was administered via the diet to groups of 6 male and 6 female
CD-1 mice for 4 weeks at concentrations of 0, 300, 1000, 3000,
10,000 and 30,000 ppm... Liver enlargement and discoloration,
adrenal enlargement, and atrophy of the thymus,
spleen, seminal vesicles, ovaries and uterus were noted
on gross post-mortem examination... (The Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, 1987)
-- Eighteen-month Feeding Study in Mice ¥In an oncogenicity study,
dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of 70 male and
70 female CD-1 mice for 78 weeks at concentrations of 0, 3, 30
and 300 ppm... Other findings included : increased adrenal weights,
adrenal cortical swelling, spleen enlargement
and increased splenic extramedullary
hematopoiesis. The chronic NOEL in mice is considered to be 3
ppm (equivalent to a daily intake of 0.31 mg/kg b.w. in males
and 0.37 mg/kg b.w. in females). (The Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, 1989)
Ref: Summary of Toxicology Studies With
Dithiopyr Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology Department, The Agricultural
Grop, A Unit of Monsanto Company (Received February 20, 1993)
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
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