Adverse Effects
Dichlorofluoromethane (Freon 21)
CAS No. 75-43-4

 
 

Return to Dichlorofluoromethane Index Page

Activity: US EPA List 2 Inert, Propellant (Halogenated organic)
Structure:

Adverse Effects:
Ataxia

Blood
Bone
Carcinogen
CNS
Endocrine: Testicular
Heart
Kidney
Leukemia
Liver
Lung
Pancreas
Reproductive
Tremors
Environmental

Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as dichlorofluoromethane were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out.
Ref: as cited by the Hazardous Substance Data Bank:
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V21 (1997) 132]

http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/dichlorofluoromethan.toxnet.htm

Yet, as of September 25, 2003, Dichlorofluoromethane is still listed as a List 2 Inert by US EPA.
Ref:
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ods2.html


Rationale for US EPA to add Dichlorofluoromethane to the Toxic Release Inventory

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are known to release chlorine radicals into the stratosphere. Chlorine radicals act as catalysts to reduce the net amount of stratospheric ozone.

Stratospheric ozone shields the earth from ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (i.e., 290 to 320 nanometers). Decreases in total column ozone will increase the percentage of UV-B radiation, especially at its most harmful wavelengths, reaching the earth's surface.

Exposure to UV-B radiation has been implicated by laboratory and epidemiologic studies as a cause of two types of nonmelanoma skin cancers: squamous cell cancer and basal cell cancer. Studies predict that for every 1 percent increase in UV-B radiation, nonmelanoma skin cancer cases would increase by about 1 to 3 percent.

Recent epidemiological studies, including large case control studies, suggest that UV-B radiation plays an important role in causing malignant melanoma skin cancer. Recent studies predict that for each 1 percent change in UV-B intensity, the incidence of melanoma could increase from 0.5 to 1 percent.

Studies have demonstrated that UV-B radiation can suppress the immune response system in animals, and, possibly, in humans. Increases in exposure to UV-B radiation are likely to increase the incidence of cataracts and could adversely affect the retina.

Aquatic organisms, particularly phytoplankton, zooplankton, and the larvae of many fishes, appear to be susceptible to harm from increased exposure to UV-B radiation because they spend at least part of their time at or near the surface of waters they inhabit.

Increased UV-B penetration has been shown to result in adverse impacts on plants. Field studies on soybeans suggest that yield reductions could occur in some cultivars of soybeans, while evidence from laboratory studies suggest that two out of three cultivars are sensitive to UV-B.

Because this increased UV-B radiation can be reasonably anticipated to lead to cancer and other chronic human health effects and significant adverse environmental effects, EPA believes there is sufficient evidence for listing the following HCFCs that are commercially viable on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA sections 313(d)(2)(B) and (C). EPA is proposing that the following HCFCs be added individually to EPCRA section 313:
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

Ataxia (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

DOGS, MONKEYS, & GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO 20% OF GAS IN AIR FOR SEVERAL HR A DAY FOR SEVERAL DAYS SHOWED TEMPORARY INTOXICATION WITH TREMORS, ATAXIA, AND TENDENCY TO STARE, SALIVATE, & LACRIMATE, BUT NO CUMULATIVE TOXIC EFFECT & NO SPECIFIC OCULAR DISTURBANCE. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 322]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorodifluorometh.TOXNET.htm

Blood (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately 90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one female and six males from the high dose group were found dead during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals, with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ] **UNREVIEWED**
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Bone (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon propellants are another source of solvent intoxication. Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrhythmias, bone marrow depression, cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney, & peripheral nerves. Death occasionally has been attributed to inhalant abuse, probably via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias, especially accompanying exercise or upper airway obstruction. /Fluorocarbon propellants/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 575]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorodifluorometh.TOXNET.htm

Carcinogen (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

PAN Bad Actor: Carcinogen
Ref: Pesticide Action Network:
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33437

CNS (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- IN HIGH CONCN, IT MAY CAUSE CENTRAL NERVOUS DEPRESSION. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]
-- Exposure to 100,000 ppm killed rats and guinea pigs within an hour. Clinical signs included loss of coordination, tremors ... /CNS depression/ and prostration; limited pathologic examination, partly obscured by post-mortem change, revealed lung and liver changes. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Endocrine: Testicular (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately 90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one female and six males from the high dose group were found dead during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals, with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
[Note from FAN: seminiferous epithelium = the epithelium lining the convoluted tubules of the testis where spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur.]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Heart (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- When admin alone to anesthetized mice at concn of 100,000 ppm, CFC-21 induced arrhythmia and sensitized the heart to epinephrine. Tachycardia with hypotension was observed in both monkeys and dogs that were anesthetized and exposed at 50,000-100,000 ppm. Bronchoconstriction was noted at 25,000 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Other Long-Term Effects - Repeated exposure can cause the heart to beat irregularly.
Ref: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET. RIGHT TO KNOW PROJECT.
Produced by: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.
Provided by: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.

http://www.cchst.ca/products/databases/samples/njhsfs.html

Kidney (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Leukemia (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately 90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one female and six males from the high dose group were found dead during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals, with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
[Note from FAN: seminiferous epithelium = the epithelium lining the convoluted tubules of the testis where spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur.]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Liver (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Repeated exposures have produced marked hepatic damage or failure. Ten rats exposed at 10,000 ppm CFC-21, 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, all survived, but their livers were grossly pale and heavy. Histopathologic examination showed centrilobular necrosis with related changes. In comparable 90-day series of exposure at 5000 and 1000 ppm levels, rats showed bilateral hair loss and excessive mortality (20 of 54 died at 1000 ppm, 15 of 54 at 5000 ppm). Four dogs exposed at both levels showed weight loss. Cirrhosis was evident in rats exposed at both levels, but with dogs histopathologic changes in the liver were mild and evident only at the 5000 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**

-- TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately 90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one female and six males from the high dose group were found dead during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals, with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium [the sperm producing part of the testicle - EC]. Three cases of leukemia were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Lung (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

--Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations: Refrigerant 21 vapor is respiratory irritant ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]
-- When admin alone to anesthetized mice at concn of 100,000 ppm, CFC-21 induced arrhythmia and sensitized the heart to epinephrine. Tachycardia with hypotension was observed in both monkeys and dogs that were anesthetized and exposed at 50,000-100,000 ppm. Bronchoconstriction was noted at 25,000 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- WHEN GUINEA PIGS WERE EXPOSED UP TO 2 HR ... @ CONCN RANGING FROM 1.2-10.2% BY VOL (12,000-102,000 PPM), CONCN OF 5.2% & HIGHER PRODUCED SIGNS OF IRRITATION, TREMORS, INCOORDINATION, & IRREGULAR BREATHING. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Base for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Pancreas (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately 90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one female and six males from the high dose group were found dead during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals, with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.

http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Reproductive (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- CFC-21 has produced "pre-implantation" loss in pregnant rats exposed at 10,000 ppm. After exposure for 6 hr daily, on days 6 to 15 of gestation, 15 or 25 pregnant females had no viable fetuses or implantation sites on the uterine wall. Pregnancy outcome and fetal development in the other 10 rats were unaffected. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Reproductive Hazard. Dichlorofluoromethane may damage the developing fetus.
Ref: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET. RIGHT TO KNOW PROJECT.
Produced by: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.
Provided by: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.

http://www.cchst.ca/products/databases/samples/njhsfs.html

Tremors (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Exposure to 100,000 ppm killed rats and guinea pigs within an hour. Clinical signs included loss of coordination, tremors ... /CNS depression/ and prostration; limited pathologic examination, partly obscured by post-mortem change, revealed lung and liver changes. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]
--
WHEN GUINEA PIGS WERE EXPOSED UP TO 2 HR ... @ CONCN RANGING FROM 1.2-10.2% BY VOL (12,000-102,000 PPM), CONCN OF 5.2% & HIGHER PRODUCED SIGNS OF IRRITATION, TREMORS, INCOORDINATION, & IRREGULAR BREATHING. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81].
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm

Environmental (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

US EPA: Class II Ozone-Depleting Substance. All the class II substances and their isomers are regulated under the accelerated phaseout.
Ref: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ods2.html

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are known to release chlorine radicals into the stratosphere. Chlorine radicals act as catalysts to reduce the net amount of stratospheric ozone. Stratospheric ozone shields the earth from ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (i.e., 290 to 320 nanometers). Decreases in total column ozone will increase the percentage of UV-B radiation, especially at its most harmful wavelengths, reaching the earth's surface...Exposure to UV-B radiation has been implicated by laboratory and epidemiologic studies as a cause of two types of nonmelanoma skin cancers: squamous cell cancer and basal cell cancer. Studies predict that for every 1 percent increase in UV-B radiation, nonmelanoma skin cancer cases would increase by about 1 to 3 percent... Because this increased UV-B radiation can be reasonably anticipated to lead to cancer and other chronic human health effects and significant adverse environmental effects, EPA believes there is sufficient evidence for listing the following HCFCs [Dichlorofluoromethane was included] that are commercially viable on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA sections 313(d)(2)(B) and (C). EPA is proposing that the following HCFCs be added individually to EPCRA section 313:
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

 

 
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