Return to Cyfluthrin Index Page

ACTIVITY: Insecticide (pyrethroid)
Note: CAS No. 68359-37-5 for cyfluthrin and beta-cyfluthrin is the same
Structure:

Adverse Effects:
Ataxia
Blood
Body Weight Decrease
Bone
Brain
Endocrine: Adrenal
Endocrine: Ovary
Endocrine: Thymus
Eye - Microphthalmia
Genotoxic
Kidney
Lung
Salivary Glands
Sciatic nerve
Tremors
Environmental

Ataxia (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Chronic toxicity-- i. 1 Year dog study. Cyfluthrin was fed to beagle dogs at 0, 40, 160, or 640 ppm (equivalent to 0, 1, 4, or 16 mg/ kg/day) for 52 weeks. The NOEL was 4 mg/kg bw/day. The LOEL was 16 mg/ kg/day for both sexes, based on slight ataxia in two dogs on single occasions, decreased body weight in males, and on observations of increased vomiting and diarrhea at the high dose. The NOEL is 4 mg/kg/ day. This study was classified as core minimum.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov.26.1997.htm

Blood (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Cyfluthrin. 28-Day oral toxicity NOAEL = 15.0 (males & females) based on minimal decrease in blood glucose. LOAEL = 50 based on, gait abnormalities, salivation, nervousness, decrease in body weight, food consumption, changes in hematological, clinical chem. & urinalysis parameters, increases in selected organ wts., cytoplasmic swelling of glandular epithelium of submaxillary gland, minimal degrees of fiber degeneration in sciatic nerve (# not reported) which disappeared after recovery period.
-- Cyfluthrin (93.8% a.i.). 4-Week inhalation toxicity study--rats. NOAEL = 0.00044 mg/L (0.12 mg/kg/day; males & females) LOAEL = 0.006 mg/L (1.6 mg/kg/day; males & females) based on decreases in body weight and body weight gain in males, hypothermia, reduction in leukocyte counts (F) and low serum protein.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm

Groups of 18 rats (strain unspecified) of each sex received diets containing 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg cyfluthrin for one month, when 12 rats of each sex per group were sacrificed; the remainder were killed after one month of recovery on control diet... Total protein and blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in male rats given 300 mg/kg feed. No effects were seen on macroscopic examination... On the basis of the depressed blood glucose levels in male rats at 300 mg/kg feed, the NOEL was 100 mg/kg feed, equivalent to 5 mg/kg bw (Watanabe et al., 1982a)...
In separate studies, the NOEL in rats ranged from 5 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of depressed blood glucose levels to 20 mg/kg bw per day on the basis of mortality and decreased body-weight gain.
Ref: Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. 1997. WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 39. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.WHO.Tox.Eval.97.htm

Body Weight Decrease (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Two rat developmental toxicity studies via the inhalation route of exposure were also conducted... In the second study, the maternal NOAEL and LOAEL were < 0.46 mg/ M3, based on decreased body weight gain and reduced relative food efficiency. The developmental NOAEL was 0.46 mg/M3 and the developmental LOAEL was 2.55 mg/M3, based on reduced fetal and placental weight, and reduced ossification in the phalanx, metacarpals, and vertebrae.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov.26.1997.htm

-- Cyfluthrin. 28-Day oral toxicity NOAEL = 15.0 (males & females) based on minimal decrease in blood glucose. LOAEL = 50 based on, gait abnormalities, salivation, nervousness, decrease in body weight, food consumption, changes in hematological, clinical chem. & urinalysis parameters, increases in selected organ wts., cytoplasmic swelling of glandular epithelium of submaxillary gland, minimal degrees of fiber degeneration in sciatic nerve (# not reported) which disappeared after recovery period.
-- Cyfluthrin (94.9% a.i.). 90-Day inhalation toxicity study--rats. NOAEL = 0.00009 mg/liter (L) (0.02 mg/kg/day; both sexes) LOAEL = 0.00071 mg/L (0.16 mg/kg/day) based on decreased body weights and body weight gains in males and clinical signs in females
-- Cyfluthrin (93.8% a.i.). 4-Week inhalation toxicity study--rats. NOAEL = 0.00044 mg/L (0.12 mg/kg/day; males & females) LOAEL = 0.006 mg/L (1.6 mg/kg/day; males & females) based on decreases in body weight and body weight gain in males, hypothermia, reduction in leukocyte counts (F) and low serum protein.
-- Cyfluthrin (96% a.i.). Prenatal developmental toxicity--rabbits. Maternal NOAEL = 20.0 Developmental NOAEL = 180.0 Maternal LOAEL = 60.0 based on decreased body weight gain and food consumption during the dosing period Developmental LOAEL > 180 mg/kg/day
-- Cyfluthrin (96.2%). Prenatal developmental toxicity via inhalation- rat . Maternal NOAEL <0.00046 mg/L (< 0.125 mg/kg/ day)Developmental NOAEL = 0.00046 mg/L (0.125 mg/ kg/day) Maternal LOAEL = 0.00046 mg/L (0.125 mg/kg/ day) based on decreased body weight gain and relative food efficiency Developmental LOAEL = 0.00255 mg/L (0.692 mg/ kg/day) based on reduced fetal and placental weights and reduced ossification in phalanx, metacarpals, vertebrae
-- Cyfluthrin (95.4% a.i.). Reproduction and fertility effects study-- rat (dietary). Parental NOAEL = Parental: 3/4 (M/F) Offspring NOAEL = 7 (M/F) Parental LOAEL = 9/10 (M/F) based on reductions in body weights and food consumption. Offspring LOAEL = 19 based on coarse tremors in pups during lactation and decreases in mean litter weight .
-- Cyfluthrin (95.7-96.2% a.i.). Pilot 1-generation reproduction study--rat. Parental systemic NOAEL = 22.9 Offspring systemic NOAEL = 7.8 Parental systemic LOAEL = 59.6 based on hind leg splay, ataxia, reduction in body weight gain. Pup systemic LOAEL = 22.9 based on tremors during lactation and pup weight decreases.
-- Cyfluthrin. Multigeneration reproduction study--rats. Parental NOAEL = 12.3/15.1 Offspring NOAEL = 5.4 Parental LOAEL = 37.2/48.5 based on decreased body weight gain. Offspring LOAEL = 15.1 based on decreased viability during lactation period and decreased body weight gains
-- Cyfluthrin (93.9% a.i.). Carcinogenicity feeding study--mice. NOAEL = 31.9 (males) and 140.6 (females) LOAEL = 114.8 (males) based on ear skin lesions and reduced body weight gains. 309.7 (females) based on clinical signs; macroscopic and microscopic pathology findings; and reduced body weights, body weight gains, and food consumption. Under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence of carcinogenic potential.
-- Cyfluthrin (94.7% a.i.). Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity feeding study--rat. NOAEL = 2.6 (males), 3.3 (females) LOAEL = 11.6 (males), 14.4 (females) based on overall declines in body weight gain by 12 and 10% in males and females, respectively. No carcinogenic effects.
-- Cyfluthrin (49.7-51.0%).. Combined chronic toxicity/ carcinogenicity feeding study--rat. NOAEL = 6.19 (males), 8.15 (females) LOAEL = 19.20 (M), 25.47 (F) based on decreased body weights and body weight gains. No carcinogenic effects.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm

Bone (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Rat developmental studies via inhalation: In the second study, the dams were exposed to analytical concentrations of 0, 0.09, 0.25, 0.59 or 4.2 mg/m³ of the test material. The dams were sacrificed on day 20 and their pups removed by caesarian section. The maternal NOEL was 1.1 mg/ m³ and the maternal LOEL was 4.7 mg/m³ (reduced motility, dyspnea, piloerection, ungroomed coats and eye irritation. The developmental NOEL was 0.59 mg/m³ and the developmental LOEL was 1.1 mg/m³ (increases in the incidence of runts and skeletal anomalies in the sternum (1.1 mg/m³ and above); increases in post-implantation losses and decreases in pup weights (4.7 mg/m³ and above) and increased incidences of late embryonic deaths, in skeletal anomalies in the extremities, pelvis and skull and in microphthalmia (23.7 mg/m³).
--Two rat developmental toxicity studies via the inhalation route of exposure were also conducted... In the second study, the maternal NOAEL and LOAEL were < 0.46 mg/ M3, based on decreased body weight gain and reduced relative food efficiency. The developmental NOAEL was 0.46 mg/M3 and the developmental LOAEL was 2.55 mg/M3, based on reduced fetal and placental weight, and reduced ossification in the phalanx, metacarpals, and vertebrae.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov.26.1997.htm

Brain (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

... A group of 12 hens received a single oral dose of cyfluthrin in PEG 400 at 4300 mg/kg bw and were observed for three weeks. A second group of 16 hens received two doses of 4300 mg/kg bw three weeks apart by gavage and were allowed to recover for eight weeks. A final group of 12 hens received doses of 1500 mg/kg bw per day by gavage for five consecutive days and were allowed to recover for eight weeks. All animals were autopsied after the recovery periods. Neurotoxic esterase activity was determined in the brains and spinal cords from five hens of each group 24, 48, and 72 h and seven days after treatment.
... Groups of five male and five female Wistar (SPF-Cpb) rats received cyfluthrin at 0 or 60 mg/kg bw per day for two weeks by gavage, and a supplementary group of male rats received doses of 0 or 50 mg/kg bw per day... Symptoms of acute toxicity were observed in all treated animals, including tremor, altered gait, and increased vocalization. Four males at 60 mg/kg bw per day died between treatment days 5 and 8, but gross pathologicam examination revealed no specific alterations. The body-weight gain of females was not affected by treatment, but decreases were seen for males at 50 or 60 mg/kg bw per day. Small, fresh brain haemorrhages were seen in all four males that died on test. The authors concluded that the 'most likely explanation is that these are the result of a terminal cardiovascular disorder with necrosis of the vascular walls'. Since this finding was not seen in control animals, a treatment-related effect could not be ruled out. A NOEL was not identified (Heimann & Kaliner, 1983).
Ref: Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. 1997. WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 39.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.WHO.Tox.Eval.97.htm

Endocrine: Adrenal (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Subchronic toxicity-- i. 28-Day oral toxicity study in rats. Cyfluthrin was administered to SPF-Wistar rats via gavage at 0, 5, 20, or 80 (40) mg/kg/day. The high dose was 80 mg/kg/day during the first and third weeks and 40 mg/kg/day during the second and fourth weeks. The LOEL was 80 (40) mg/kg/day in both sexes based on clinical signs of nerve toxicity, decreases in body weight gain, and changes in liver and adrenal weights. The NOEL was 20 mg/kg/day. This study was classified as core minimum.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov.26.1997.htm

-- Rats Four groups of 30 male and 24 female Mura:SPRA (SPF 68 Han) rats received 14C radiolabelled cyfluthrin as either oral doses of 0.5 or 10 mg/kg bw or intravenous or intraduodenal doses of 0.5 mg/kg bw. Another group received unlabelled cyfluthrin orally once a day for 14 consecutive days, followed by a single oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw 14C-cyfluthrin... The residues found in the organs and tissues were influenced by the route of administration, as the mean relative concentration of cyfluthrin in the bodies of males and females at sacrifice was lower after oral administration (0.013) than after intravenous injection (0.06). Female rats had higher plasma concentrations after oral administration of the single high or low dose; 48 h after administration, lower concentrations were detected in the bone and muscle of animals of each sex and in the testes of males rats. The sciatic nerve showed a similar relative concentration value, which may explain the toxic effects observed on the peripheral nervous system. Higher concentrations were detected in the spleen, adrenal glands, liver, and plasma of both males and females and in the ovaries. The renal fatty tissue concentration was about seven times higher after either oral or intravenous administration, whereas the mean concentration in brain was significantly lower ( p = 0.0006-0.006) (Klein et al., 1983).
-- Groups of 28 male and 28 female Sprague-Dawley rats received diets containing 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg cyfluthrin (purity, 95%) incorporated into the powdered diet on a 0.4% maximum clay carrier, daily for three months... The food consumption and body-weight gains of females and males at the highest dose were significantly lower than those of the control group. The body-weight gain depression in females appeared to recover after cessation of treatment, while that of the males remained significantly low... The absolute weights of the liver, heart, and lung were decreased in male rats at the high dose, and females at this dose had depressed liver, kidney, adrenal, and ovarian weights. In both males and females at the high dose, the relative weight of the submaxillary gland was increased...
Ref: Cyfluthrin. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 39 Prepared by: The forty-eighth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization, Geneva 1997. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.WHO.Tox.Eval.97.htm

Endocrine: Ovary (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Rats Four groups of 30 male and 24 female Mura:SPRA (SPF 68 Han) rats received 14C radiolabelled cyfluthrin as either oral doses of 0.5 or 10 mg/kg bw or intravenous or intraduodenal doses of 0.5 mg/kg bw. Another group received unlabelled cyfluthrin orally once a day for 14 consecutive days, followed by a single oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw 14C-cyfluthrin... The residues found in the organs and tissues were influenced by the route of administration, as the mean relative concentration of cyfluthrin in the bodies of males and females at sacrifice was lower after oral administration (0.013) than after intravenous injection (0.06). Female rats had higher plasma concentrations after oral administration of the single high or low dose; 48 h after administration, lower concentrations were detected in the bone and muscle of animals of each sex and in the testes of males rats. The sciatic nerve showed a similar relative concentration value, which may explain the toxic effects observed on the peripheral nervous system. Higher concentrations were detected in the spleen, adrenal glands, liver, and plasma of both males and females and in the ovaries. The renal fatty tissue concentration was about seven times higher after either oral or intravenous administration, whereas the mean concentration in brain was significantly lower ( p = 0.0006-0.006) (Klein et al., 1983).
-- Groups of 28 male and 28 female Sprague-Dawley rats received diets containing 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg cyfluthrin (purity, 95%) incorporated into the powdered diet on a 0.4% maximum clay carrier, daily for three months... The food consumption and body-weight gains of females and males at the highest dose were significantly lower than those of the control group. The body-weight gain depression in females appeared to recover after cessation of treatment, while that of the males remained significantly low... The absolute weights of the liver, heart, and lung were decreased in male rats at the high dose, and females at this dose had depressed liver, kidney, adrenal, and ovarian weights. In both males and females at the high dose, the relative weight of the submaxillary gland was increased...
Ref: Cyfluthrin. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 39 Prepared by: The forty-eighth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization, Geneva 1997. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.WHO.Tox.Eval.97.htm

Endocrine: Thymus (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

28-day rat inhalation study (short-term): Decreases in body and thymus weights, hypothermia and clinical pathology in rats in a 28-day study (short-term) and behavioral effects in rats in a 90-day study (intermediate/ chronic)
Ref: Federal Register: May 17, 2001, Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.May17.2001.htm

Eye - Microphthalmia (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Rat developmental studies via inhalation. In the first two studies, pregnant female rats at day 0 gestation were exposed head-only to cyfluthrin concentrations of 0, 1.1, 4.7 or 23.7 mg/m³/ day (milligrams/per cubic meter/day) for 6 hours/day on gestation days 6 through 15. In the second study, the dams were exposed to analytical concentrations of 0, 0.09, 0.25, 0.59 or 4.2 mg/m³ of the test material. The dams were sacrificed on day 20 and their pups removed by caesarian section. The maternal NOEL was 1.1 mg/ m³ and the maternal LOEL was 4.7 mg/m³ (reduced motility, dyspnea, piloerection, ungroomed coats and eye irritation. The developmental NOEL was 0.59 mg/m³ and the developmental LOEL was 1.1 mg/m³ (increases in the incidence of runts and skeletal anomalies in the sternum (1.1 mg/m³ and above); increases in post-implantation losses and decreases in pup weights (4.7 mg/m³ and above) and increased incidences of late embryonic deaths, in skeletal anomalies in the extremities, pelvis and skull and in microphthalmia [abnormal smallness of the eye] (23.7 mg/m³). The study was graded core minimum.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov.26.1997.htm

Genotoxic (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Abstract: ... Our study describes the genotoxic effects of PCP, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae.
METHODS: Epithelial cells were isolated from nasal mucosa, which was removed in the surgical treatment of chronic sinusitis and nasal concha hyperplasia. After the cells had been tested for vitality using the trypan blue exclusion test, the short-term culture method was used. The material was incubated with PCP (0.3, 0.75, and 1.2 mmol), lindane (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), transfluthrin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), cyfluthrin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), natural pyrethrum (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mmol), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 60 minutes. Substance-induced DNA damage (single-strand and double-strand breaks) were determined using single-cell microgel electrophoresis. A fluorescence microscope was used together with an image processing system to analyze the results obtained.
RESULTS: After exposure to all tested substances, a high percentage of the cells of the middle nasal concha in particular were found to have severely fragmented DNA as a result of strong genotoxic effects. Although the reaction of the cells of the inferior nasal concha was significantly less strong (p < 0.001), the tested substances were nevertheless found to have a notable genotoxic effect on these cells too.
CONCLUSION: Our study strongly suggests that exposure to PCP, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum has a genotoxic effect on the epithelial cells of human nasal mucosa. In addition, we have shown that nasal structures differ in susceptibility to the various pesticides used in the tests. Thus, the study provides new evidence supporting the biological plausibility of PCP- and lindane-induced effects, thereby helping evaluate potential PCP- and lindane-induced mucous membrane carcinomas of these parts of the nose. In addition, our study shows that other substances that today are widely used for controlling pests have a considerable genotoxic effect on human target cells. The results obtained indicate the need for additional studies on the genotoxicity of these substances and their adverse effects on human health.
Ref: Genotoxic effects of pentachlorophenol, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae; by Tisch M, Faulde MK, Maier H. Am J Rhinol. 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):141-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15921213&query_hl=2

Kidney (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

A 24 month chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study in rats demonstrated a NOAEL of 2.5 mg/kg/bwt/day and LEL of 6.2 mg/kg/bwt/day, based on decreased body weights in males, decreased food consumption in males, and inflammatory foci in the kidneys in females... 4. Subchronic toxicity. Thirteen-week dietary toxicity studies in rats, mice and dogs were conducted. The primary target organs identified in these studies were the kidneys (rat), and the liver (rat, mouse and dog)... Chronic toxicity. In a 2-year combined chronic toxicity/ oncogenicity study in the rat, the NOAEL for chronic toxicity was 5 mg/ kg/day based upon kidney effects characterized as slight, subtle alteration in kidney tubular morphology, mostly within the corticomedullary junction which likely represented more a physiologic adaptation than a pathological change indicative of a toxic injury... In a 2-year dietary feeding study in B6C3F1 mice conducted at 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg/ day, 50 mg/kg/day was considered the NOAEL in males and the NOAEL in females based upon histologic changes in the kidney. The lesion noted in male mice was a reduced vacuolation of the kidney tubular epithelium at all dose levels. Decreased absolute and relative kidney weights were seen at 100 mg/kg/day and above. In female mice, focal dilation with hyperplasia of the lining epithelium of the renal cortical tubules was seen at 100 mg/kg/day and above.
Ref: Federal Register. November 20, 1998. [PF-836; FRL-6030-9]
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov20.1998.htm

Lung (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Prenatal and postnatal sensitivity. There are no data gaps for reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. Evidence of increased sensitivity of young rats following pre- and/or post-natal exposure to cyfluthrin was observed in the three-generation reproduction study in rats. There was suggestive sensitivity of rats to in utero exposure based on bradypnea seen in dams in the developmental inhalation studies. In addition, the reproductive NOAEL of 2.5 mg/kg/day and the LOAEL of 7.5 mg/kg/day established in the three-generation reproduction study in rats are identical to the systemic NOAEL/LOAEL of 2.5/7.5 mg/ kg/day established in the chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats. This NOAEL (2.5 mg/kg/day) and a UF of 100 was used in deriving the RfD (0.025 mg/kg/day) and the RfD does not provide protection for infants and children.
Ref: Federal Register. May 17, 2001, Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.May17.2001.htm

Salivary Glands (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Cyfluthrin. 28-Day oral toxicity NOAEL = 15.0 (males & females) based on minimal decrease in blood glucose. LOAEL = 50 based on, gait abnormalities, salivation, nervousness, decrease in body weight, food consumption, changes in hematological, clinical chem. & urinalysis parameters, increases in selected organ wts., cytoplasmic swelling of glandular epithelium of submaxillary gland, minimal degrees of fiber degeneration in sciatic nerve (# not reported) which disappeared after recovery period.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm

• Definition: [n] a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue Synonyms: mandibular gland, submandibular gland, submandibular salivary gland, submaxillary salivary gland

Sciatic nerve (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- Cyfluthrin. Neurotoxicity oral studies--hen. In the single-dose study, at 5,000 mg/kg, five of the ten hens died. Moderate fiber alterations (axon fragmentation, occasional swelling and eosinophilia of the axon fragments and vacuolation of the myelin sheaths) in the sciatic nerve were observed in two hens. Six hens at 2,500 mg/kg showed signs of excitation during the first 3 days following treatment. In the two-dose study, hens showed initial signs of intoxication during the first 3 days but were normal until the second dose was administered when four hens died. Symptoms following the second treatment subsided; however, a second set of symptoms developed in 4/30 hens. These symptoms resembled delayed type neurotoxicity. Nerve fiber degeneration was present in the majority of the hens. The myelin sheath was distended and the myelin sheath was described as being optically void or granularly disintegrated. The axons were described as swollen or fragmented and in some areas activated or proliferated Schwann's cells were noted. The nerves also contained macrophages in which cytoplasm contained granular material. In the 5-day study, 4/10 hens died. All hens showed initial toxic responses which eventually disappeared. Behavioral disorders accompanied by drowsiness and a cramped gait were observed in 3 of the 6 survivors. Mottled kidneys and brittle livers were noted at necropsy. Treatment-related fiber degeneration (distension or granular disintigration of the medullary sheath, swollen or fragmented axis cylinders and proliferated Schwann's cell in the sciatic nerve were reported. One hen had similar lesions in the spinal marrow.
-- Cyfluthrin. Neurotoxicity dermal studies--hen. In the first study there were 2 deaths on the 3rd and 10th day. All other hens had symptoms (apathy and disturbed behavior) but recovered. Local irritation and weight loss were also noted. Two hens had minimal segment-like nerve fiber degeneration (sciatic nerve), but this type is often found in hens. In the second study, the hens were apathetic. These symptoms disappeared after the first week in all hens except 2, in which they persisted until the 38th and 51st day after the start of the treatment, respectively. Local irritation and body weight loss were also observed. No other neurologic effects were observed, including microscopic.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm

Tremors (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

In a 14-day rat study, oral administration of 60 mg/kg/day produced tremors, uncoordinated gait, salivation, slight brain hemorrhages, necrosis of the skeletal muscle fibers, and death. The NOEL was not defined.
Ref: USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

-- Cyfluthrin (95.4% a.i.). Reproduction and fertility effects study-- rat (dietary). Parental NOAEL = Parental: 3/4 (M/F) Offspring NOAEL = 7 (M/F) Parental LOAEL = 9/10 (M/F) based on reductions in body weights and food consumption. Offspring LOAEL = 19 based on coarse tremors in pups during lactation and decreases in mean litter weight .
-- Cyfluthrin (95.7-96.2% a.i.). Pilot 1-generation reproduction study--rat. Parental systemic NOAEL = 22.9 Offspring systemic NOAEL = 7.8 Parental systemic LOAEL = 59.6 based on hind leg splay, ataxia, reduction in body weight gain. Pup systemic LOAEL = 22.9 based on tremors during lactation and pup weight decreases.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002. Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm