"We observed osteoclasts
resorbing bone beneath osteoid seams, and fragments of
osteoid isolated in the bone marrow. This
type of resorption beneath unmineralized bone matrix is often
observed in osteomalacia,
particularly that caused by renal
abnormalities and associated secondary
hyperparathyroidism."
SOURCE: Lundy MW, et al. (1995). Histomophometric
analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies in placebo-treated versus
fluoride-treated subjects. Osteoporosis International 5:115-129.
"Although some authors have suggested
that the resorption observed in skeletal fluorosis is due to secondary
hyperparathyroidism in humans and in fluoride-treated
animals, others have found no effect of fluoride on parathyroid
mass or serum parathyroid levels in animal studies."
SOURCE: Lundy MW, et al. (1995). Histomophometric analysis of
iliac crest bone biopsies in placebo-treated versus fluoride-treated
subjects. Osteoporosis International 5:115-129.
"While the stimulatory effects of fluoride on bone formation
have been well described, its effects on bone
resorption is less well understood."
SOURCE: Grynpas MD, et al. (1994). Bone mineralization and histomorphometry
in biopsies of osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. Cells
and Materials 4: 287-297.
"If calcium is deficient, mineralization
defects will occur, and bone resorption
may be enhanced."
SOURCE: Mithal A, et al. (1993). Radiological spectrum of endemic
fluorosis: relationship with calcium intake. Skeletal Radiology
22: 257-61.
"While only two pretreatment biopsies are available and
showed minimal tunneling, we have never seen
this degree of cortical porosity and resorption in biopsies in
numerous similar untreated patients. We believe these latter important
structural changes to be fluoride related."
SOURCE: Gutteridge DH, et al. (1990). Spontaneous hip fractures
in fluoride-treated patients: potential causative factors. Journal
of Bone and Mineral Research 5(Suppl 1):S205-15.
"We observed increased trabecular resorption
on biopsies performed at the time of the stress fracture
despite calcium supplementation. Schnitzler and Solomon also found
excessive resorption on biopsies taken at the
site of the stress fracture and an iliac crest in a patient who
a calcaneal stress fracture during fluoride treatment.
Morover, when compared with the resorption parameters of a group
of fluoride-treated patients without stress fracture analyzed
in our laboratory, the values found in our patients with stress
fracture were markedly increased."
SOURCE: Orcel P, et al. (1990). Stress fractures of the lower
limbs in osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. Journal
of Bone and Mineral Research 5(Suppl 1): S191-4.
"Histologic description of fluorotic bone generally includes
increased osteoid and mineralized bone, disordered lamellar structure,
thickened trabeculae and cortical bone, and
increased areas of resorption."
SOURCE: Fisher RL, et al. (1989). Endemic fluorosis with spinal
cord compression. A case report and review. Archives of Internal
Medicine 149: 697-700.
"Our findings suggest that the optimal
concentration of fluoride that increases bone resorption is higher
than the concentration that increases formation. If this
is correct, the effects of fluoride on bone formation and resorption
may be mediated through different mechanisms and may be dissociable."
SOURCE: Turner RT, et al. (1989). The effects of fluoride on bone
and implant histomorphometry in growing rats. Journal of Bone
and Mineral Research 4: 477-484.
"both skeletal formation and resorption
appear to be increased following NaF administration."
SOURCE: Marie PJ, Hott M. (1988). Short-term effects of fluoride
and strontium on bone formation and resorption in the mouse. Metabolism
35: 547-551.
"In contrast to longer term treatment with NaF, short-term
NaF supplementation did not increase the osteoclastic
bone resorption whereas bone matrix formation was stimulated.
Increased bone formation with unchanged bone
resorption led to a significant augmentation of the trabecular
bone volume after only four weeks of treatment."
SOURCE: Marie PJ, Hott M. (1988). Short-term effects of fluoride
and strontium on bone formation and resorption in the mouse. Metabolism
35: 547-551.
"In the present study,
increases in resorptive and formative surfaces were of the same
magnitude."
SOURCE: Kragstrup J, et al. (1984). Experimental osteo-fluorosis
in the domestic pig: a histomorphometric study of vertebral trabecular
bone. Journal of Dental Research 63: 885-889.
"In the present study, the most significant
alteration as a result of fluoride ingestion during three successive
pregnancies and lactations was the dramatic loss of bone from
the interior of the shaft. The bone was clearly histologically
osteoporotic as evidenced by the numerous large resorption cavities,
and bone remodeling occurred in the form of secondary Haversian
systems. In addition, extensive resorption
was characteristic of the metaphyseal trabeculae and of the endosteal
surface."
SOURCE: Ream LJ, et al. (1983). Fluoride ingestion during multiple
pregnancies and lactations: microscopic observations on bone of
the rat. Virchows Arch [Cell Pathol] 44: 35-44.
"[S]upplementary calcium... prevents the
increase in bone resorption which occurs when sodium fluoride
is given alone."
SOURCE: Riggs BL. (1983). Treatment of osteoporosis with sodium
fluoride: An appraisal. Bone and Mineral Research. 2: 366-393.
"Osteoclastic
resorptive activity was increased (p <.001), but no
evidence of hyperparathyroidism was noted."
SOURCE: Vigorita VJ, Suda MK. (1983). The microscopic morphology
of fluoride-induced bone. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related
Research 177:274-282.
"conflicting results are common although most
studies indicate that both formation and resorption are increased."
SOURCE: Ream LJ. (1981). The effects of short-term fluoride ingestion
on bone formation and resorption in the rat femur. Cell and
Tissue Research 221: 421-430.
"First, the predominant effect of fluoride on bone is osteoblastic
stimulation. Second, chronic ingestion of fluoride impairs mineralization
of newly formed bone matrix and, at times, increases
bone resorption..."
SOURCE: Riggs BL, et al. (1980). Treatment of primary osteoporosis
with fluoride and calcium: Clinical tolerance and fracture occurrence.
Journal of the American Medical Association 243(5): 446-449.
"As for the enlarged lacunae, the increase in their size
was found to be caused by perilacunar resorption..."
SOURCE: Baud CA, et al. (1978). Value of the bone biopsy in the
diagnosis of industrial fluorosis. Virchows Archiv A. Pathological
Anatomy and Histology 380: 283-97.
"In several patients we failed to notice evidence of typical
sclerosis in the radiogram. Instead, the picture of so-called
'hypertrophic atrophy' was found... It is likely that a previously
existing osteoporosis is superimposed upon fluorosis or the predominance
of the fluoride-induced bone resorption
in conjunction with thickening of the statically loaded bone structure
may be responsible."
SOURCE: Franke J, et al. (1975). Industrial fluorosis. Fluoride
8: 61-83.
"All but one of the patients showed an increase in bone
surfaces lined by osteoid and in these eight
patients resorption of bone was the most striking finding..."
SOURCE: Faccini JM, Teotia SPS. (1974). Histopathological assessment
of endemic skeletal fluorosis. Calcified Tissue Research
16: 45-57.
"Dental x-rays revealed resorption of
the alveolar bone around the roots of the teeth as a common finding.
Thinning or irregular lamina dura was observed in 1 child."
SOURCE: Teotia M, Teotia SPS, Kunwar KB.
(1971). Endemic skeletal fluorosis. Archives
of Disease in Childhood 46: 686-691.
"Three major effects of fluoride on bone were found: (1)
an increase in periosteal matrix and bone formation, (2) an inhibition
of the process of mineralization at the periosteum, and (3) an
increase in endosteal bone resorption... In
terms of percent change from control values, fluoride increased
periosteal formation much less than endosteal resorption;
however, formation is an order of magnitude greater than resorption
in the diaphysis of a growing rat. Consequently, a relatively
small change in formation will have a substantial effect on the
net amount of bone accumulated per day. Accordingly, fluoride
increased bone area as well as total area and medullary area."
SOURCE: Baylink D, et al. (1970). Effects of fluoride on bone
formation, mineralization, and resorption in the rat. In: TL Vischer,
ed. (1970). Fluoride in Medicine. Hans Huber, Bern. pp. 37-69.
"As the level of dietary fluoride intake increased, the
mineral content of both the molar teeth and mandible decreased.
The trend was statistically significant at the 2 1/2% level. The
two lower fluoride conditions caused a loss of about 9% in mineral
density; the 2 higher fluoride levels resulted in a loss of approximately
28% in density, when compared with the bone density in the control
dogs which had not revealed fluoride supplementation."
SOURCE: Henrikson PA, et al. (1970). Fluoride and nutritional
osteoporosis. Fluoride 3: 204-207.
"Microradiographs in the fluorotic animals showed a marked
increase in the number of the Haversian canals, disseminated patchy
demineralization, irregular distribution of the lacunae and periosteocytal
resorption of mineral salts."
SOURCE: Freitag V, et al. (1970). Fluoride content and microradiograph
findings in skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride
3: 167-174.
"There were enough signs of increased
resorption in all the F treated animals to make it possible to
distinguish them from the controls by viewing anonymous slides."
SOURCE: Ramberg CF, Olsson SE. (1970). Fluoride effects on bone
morphology and calcium kinetics. Fluoride 3: 175-181.
"The frequent description in the literature
of large resorption cavities with fibrous tissue replacement suggested
to me that the parathryoids were overactive in skeletal fluorosis,
and this was demonstrated by an electron-microscopic study of
the parathyroid glands from fluorotic sheep and a concomitant
immunoassay of the amount of circulating parathyroid hormone,
which was found to be as much as five times higher than resting
levels and control levels."
SOURCE: Faccini JM. (1969). Fluoride and bone. Calcified Tissue
Research 3:1-16.
"Our findings indicate that osteocyte
resorption was accentuated in both young and old bone. Increased
osteocyte resorption has been observed
in osteofluorosis, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism,
and in a number of conditions which result in cell injury."
SOURCE: Baylink DJ, Bernstein DS. (1967). The effects of fluoride
therapy on metabolic bone disease. Clinical Orthopaedics and
Related Research 55: 51-85.
"Persistent high fluoride ingestion has been reported to
produce a stimulation of osteoblastic activity, usually accompanied
by an increased rate of bone resorption."
SOURCE: Cohen MB, Rubini ME. (1965). The treatment of osteoporosis
with sodium fluoride. Clinical Orthopaedics 40: 147-152.
"At high dosages (1 mg F/day) osteosclerosis is seen within
a year; later, resorption cavities occur. At
more moderate dosages (0.3 mg F/day) no osteosclerosis is seen
but resorption cavities sometimes occur, however... The
resorption cavities which occur in the animals show a micro-radiographic
picture which would be expected from increased osteoclastic activity.
These pictures have a distinct resemblance to the microradiograms
of bone following radium radiation..."
SOURCE: Rockert H. (1963). X-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence
micro-analysis of mineralized tissue of rats which have ingested
fluoridated water. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica
59: 32-38.
"These considerations are in agreement with the statement
of Weinman aned Sicher (1947), based on histologic evidence, that
the fluorotic changes in bones, especially in
young animals can be explained by an increased rate of resorption...
It is suggested that the fluorine intake caused
an increased rate of bone resorption in the primary and
secondary spongiosa."
SOURCE: Comar CL, et al. (1953). Effects of fluorine on calcium
metabolism and bone growth in pigs. American Journal of Anatomy
92: 361-362.
